DEGREES OF COMPARISON

POSITIVE DEGREE
Qualitative adjaective yang disebut juga degree of comparison ini adalah suatu adjective (kata sifat) yang menrangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda. Degree of comparison digunakan untuk menunjukan derajat/tingkatan perbandingan manakala kita membandingkan seseorang atau suatu benda. Dalam bahasa inggris terdapat tiga tingkat perbandingan, yaitu :
1. Positive degree – tingkat perbandingan sama.
2. Comparatife degree – tingkat perbandingan lebih.
3. Superlative degree – tingkat perbandingan paling.
Positive degree digunakan untuk menunjukan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya, tngkatan atau derajat an lain-lainnya antara satu benda dengan benda lainnya.
Contoh :
As + adjective + as
 The man is as old as my father.
 She is as tall as my sister.
 Their house is as big as ours.
Untuk menunjukan ketidaksamaan antara satu benda dengan benda lainnya kita bisa menambahkan “not” sesudah to be.
 The man is as old as my father.
 The man is not as old as my father.
 The man isn’t so od as my father.
 The house is as big as your.
 The house is not as big as your.


COMPERATIVE DEGREE
Comparative degree di gunakan jika kita ingin menunjukan dangan jelas bahwa terdapat ketidaksamaan antara satu benda dengan benda yang lainnya.
Untuk menunjukan tingkat perbandingan lebih digunakan struktur :
1. ………. + ……… (adjective) + er than ……..
2. ………. More …….. (adjective) than ………

Kata sifat (adjective) berikut ini dari bahasa latin dan bentu comparativenya di sebut latin comparative yang tidak diikuti than tetapi selalu to untuk menunjukan comparative degree nya. Berikut ini adalah beberapa sifat yang berasal dari bahasa latin.
junior senior prior
inferior posterior superior
Salah : there are some managers senior than than me in this office
Benar : there are some managers senior to me in this office.
Salah : I wass told that he was junior than you.
Benar : I was told that he was junior to you.
The comperative compares this / these to that / those form
 Suffix – er – for
 More/ - for more than one syllable word
 Less


SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
Jika kita membandingkan seseorang atau benda yang melebihi orang-orang atau benda-benda lainnya atau dengan kata lain bila suatu benda paling..dari benda-benda lainnya. Untuk menunjukan tingkat perbandingan paling di gunakan struktur :
1. The +…. (adjective)
2. The most + ….. ((adjective)

Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan huruf terakhirnnya dibaca pendek, huruf terakhirnnya dibaca pendek, huruf terakhir digandakan lalu ditambah –er untuk membentuk superlative.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
As hot as hotter Hottest
As fat as fatter fattest
As big as bigger Biggest
As sad as sadder Saddest
As wet as wetter wettest


REFERENSI : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE

Active adalah kalimat yang lebih menekankan pada pelaku dan akibat dari perbuatan pelaku.
dan kalimat passive adalah kalimat yang lebih menekankan pada kejadian atau peristiwa.
Untuk mngubah sebuah kalimat kalimat active ke dalam kalimat pasif, kalimat yang akan di ubah biasanya mempunyai kata kerja transitif (trasitife verb) atau kalau kita ingin menggunakan kalimat pasif, kata kerjanya harus kata kerja transitif.
Contoh :
1. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam past tense.
Subject + had + verb(3) + object
Active :
 Linda had swept the floor when she left the house this morning.
 Lindahad not swept the floor when she left the house this morning.
 Had linda swept the floor when she left the house this morning?
Subject + had + been + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 The floor had been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.
 The floor had not been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.
 Had the floor been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.


2. Struktur kalimat dalam past perfect continous tense.
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Active :
 Linda had been sweeping the floor I when I calld her this morning.
 Linda had not been sweeping the floor I when I called her this morning.
 Had linda baen sweeping the floor I when I called herthis morning.
Struktur kalimat aktif dalam past perfect continous tense.
Subject + ha + been + being + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 The floor had been being swept(by linda) when I called her this morning.
 The floor had not been being swept (by linda ) when I called her this morning.
 Had the floor been being swept (by linda) when I called her this morning.


3. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam simple future tense.

Subject + shall/will + be +verb(3) + object
Active :
 My father will shell that old house next month
 My father will not shell that old house next month.
 Will my father sell that old house next month?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam simle future tense.
Subject + shall/will +be + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 That old house will be shold by (my father) next month.
 That old house will not be sold by (my father) next month.
 Will that old house be shold by (my father) next month.


4. Struktur kalmat aktif dalam future continous tense.
Subject + shall/will + be + verb-ing + object
Active :
 My little sister will be doing her homework.
 My little sister will not be doing her homework.
 Will my little sister be doing her homework?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam future continous tense.
Subject + shall/will + be + being + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 Her homework will be being doing (by my little sister).
 Her homework will not be being doing (by my little sister).
 Will her homework be being doing (by my little sister)?


5. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam future perfect tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + verb(3) + object
Active :
 Sandra will have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Sandra will not have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Wild Sandra have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam future perfect tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-3 + object
Passive :
 The news will have been told (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon.
 The news will not have been told (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Will the news have been tol (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon?


REFERENSI : ESTI TRI ANDAYANI,SURABAYA-INDONESIA 2007,THE BRIDGE ENGLISH COMPETENCE

COUNTABLE NOUN & UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Countable noun
Countable noun adalah benda yang bisa dihitung. Suatu benda termasuk benda yang bisa di hitung.
Di depannya bisa di gunakan :
 He bought a camera last Sunday
 She has a house in this town
 He has a new friend here
 They have ten typists in the head office
Mempunyai bentuk jamak (plural) :
 I have some English books
 These watches are very expensive
 Those women look very busy
Di depannya bisa menggunakan kata bilangan :
 Our English teacher has two dictionaries
 They have two house inthis town
 Mr. johson has four cars
 His father has two secretaries in the office


Pembentukan kata benda jamak
Kata benda jamak (plural) pada umumnya dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –s pada kata benda tunggal (singular).
Singular Plural Meaning
pencil pencils pensil
car cars mobil
house houses rumah
ruler rulers penggaris

kata benda yang selalu dalam bentuk jamak dan menggunakan kata kerja plural (plural verb). Kata benda berikut ini slalu dalam bentuk plural dan menggunakan kata kerja pural.
a. Pakaian/sesuatu yang dipakai orang
Braces briefs corduroys culottes
Dungarees flannels flares galoshes
galasses knickers leggisngs veralls
trousers trunks

b. Peralatan /sesuatu yang dipergunakan orang
Binoculars clippers compases pincers
Pliers scales scissors shears
Tongs tweezers


Uncountable noun
Uncountable noun adalah benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Jika suatu benda tidak dapat dihitung.
 Tidak bisa menggunakan kata sandang tidak tertntu (indefinite article) di depannya.
Salah : I need a water
Benar : I need some water

Kata di bawah ini termasuk kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun).
Abens access anger beauty
Canser childhold confidence courage
Death depression design education
Equipment evil existence failure
Faith flesh ground happiness
Health ice joy ustice
Music patience pleasure policy
Protection respect sand salt
Snow strength teaching truth
Wealth weather welfare work


SOME – ANY
1. Secara umum some digunakn dalam kalimat positif (positive sentence) dan any digunakan dalam kalimat menyangkal (negative sentence).
 I have some English novels
 I don’t have any English novels
 She has some friends here
 She doesn’t have any friends here
 He has some new books
 There are some letters for him
 There are not any letters for him

2. Dalam kalimat Tanya (interrogative) biasanya di gunakan any. Meskipun demikian, some juga sering digunakan jika kita mengharapkan suatu jawaban yes.
Questions : Do you have some money ?
Answer : Yes, I do.
Question : Do you still have some other questions ?
Answer : Yes, we do
Question : whould you like some more coffe ?
Answer : Oh, yes, please

3. Any digunakan sesudah kata-kata yang memunyai arti negative, seperti: without,never,seldom,hardly,atau rarely.
 I could find his new address without any difficulties
 My little brother never did any homework
 There where hardly any eggs left in the kitchen
 The typist selddom made any mistakes in tying



ALL – WHOLE – EACH – EVERY
1. Kita menggunakan all atau all of jika kita membicarakan jumlah sesuatu atau orang dalam suatu kelompok dalam suatu keseluruhan. All diikuti bentuk jamak (pluralform) benda yang bisa dihitung dan benda yang tidak bisa dihitung.
Salah : all the guest at the party got a present.
Benar : all the guests at the party got a present.
Salah : all my brothers was at the airport to see me off last week.
Benar : all my brothers were at the airport to see me off last week.
Benar : the baby seemed to cry (of) the time last night.

2. All+noun digunakan untuk menunujukan sesuatu secara umum (general) dan all the + noun digunakan untuk menunjukan orang atau benda tertentu.
 All children like ice cream.
(=anak-anak secara umum)
 All the children in this class will get some milk.
(=anak-anak tertentu)
 All advice will be useless.
(=nasihat scara umum)
 All the you gave him was useless.
(=nasihat tertentu)
3. All juga digunakan jika yang dimaksud adalah satu-satunnya atau tidak ada lagi yang lain.
 I’m not hungry. All I want is a cup of cold tea.
 He is really a poor man now. All he has is what he wears.

REFERENSI : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
CATATAN :
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.

REFERENSI : ESTI TRI ANDAYANI,SURABAYA-INDONESIA 2007,THE BRIDGE ENGLISH COMPETENCE

DIRECT & INDIRECT

PENGETIAN
DIRECT adalah kata” yg langsung keluar dari si pembicara kepada seseorang dalam percakapan biasa , pertanyaan atau perintah : kata-kata atau ucapan tersebut diberi tanda “. . .”
CONTOH :
- David said, “I am very lazy”
- He says, “you are jealous”
- He said, “I want to speak to you”
- Hermon said, “I work here”
- He said “get out”
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order, advise dalam kata verba bentuk past simple, walaupun kalimat-kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara berkala verba present, kala verbanya harus juga past simple.
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order,advise dalam bentuk past simple dan kalimat-kalimat yg di keluarkan si pembicara berkala verba past simple pula, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsung kala verba nya harus dalam bentuk past perfect.
INDIRECT adalah kata-kata yang keluar dari si pembicara dan di ceritakan atau di ucapakan kembali kepada seseorang.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple - past simple
She said, “it’s cold” she said it was cold
Present continous - past continous
She said, “I’m teaching English she said she was teaching English online
Past simple - past perfect
She said, “I taught online yesterday she said she had taught online yesterday
Past continous -past perfect continous
She said, “I wass teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
Contoh :
-David said that he was very lazy
-He says that I am jealous
-He said that he wanted to speak to me
-He aske me not to do it again
-He asked me if I could answer the question
Kalau tidak tedapat kata tanya dalam kalimat tidak langsung seperti : where, what, when, why dll (kata tanya yang dimulai dengan wh- dan h- maka if atau whether harus dipakai dalam arti “apakah” dan di letakan sesudah verba-verba pelapor seperti ask,inquire,dll.

Referensi : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.

COMMAND AND REQUEST

Pengertian *COMMAND AND REQUEST *
Command and request bisa disebut sebagai kalimat perintah(command) dan permintaan(request).

Ciri-ciri dan contoh COMMAND AND REQUEST *

Kalimat command biasanya diiringi dengan kata-kata suruhan diantaranya :
"Kata-kata" suruhan ditambah dengan "lah" dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru(!)
seperti : "Duduklah!" atau "Pergilah!".

Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata "lah" itu tidak ada. Jadi jika hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti "lah" dalam kalimat tersebut.

1. Come here! ( Artinya marilah ke sini! )
2. Try to speak English! ( Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris! )
3. Study diligently! (Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin! )

Apabila kalimat bukan kata kerja (verb), maka memakai "be" di depan kalimat karena be adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.

1. Be good to her!( Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya! )
2. Be diligent!( Artinya Rajin-rajinlah! )
3. Be careful! ( Artinya hati-hatilah! )

* Prohibition *

Do not boleh dipendekkan menjadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2.Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3.Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4.Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!
5.Don’t look back! Jangan liat belakang!

REFERENSI : ELISABETH FARTUR,JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2005,LEARNING ENGLISH 1

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS 2

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
CATATAN :
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.

REFERENSI : ESTI TRI ANDAYANI,SURABAYA-INDONESIA 2007,THE BRIDGE ENGLISH COMPETENCE




COMMAND AND REQUEST

Pengertian *COMMAND AND REQUEST *
Command and request bisa disebut sebagai kalimat perintah(command) dan permintaan(request).

Ciri-ciri dan contoh COMMAND AND REQUEST *

Kalimat command biasanya diiringi dengan kata-kata suruhan diantaranya :
"Kata-kata" suruhan ditambah dengan "lah" dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru(!)
seperti : "Duduklah!" atau "Pergilah!".

Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata "lah" itu tidak ada. Jadi jika hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti "lah" dalam kalimat tersebut.

1. Come here! ( Artinya marilah ke sini! )
2. Try to speak English! ( Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris! )
3. Study diligently! (Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin! )

Apabila kalimat bukan kata kerja (verb), maka memakai "be" di depan kalimat karena be adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.

1. Be good to her!( Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya! )
2. Be diligent!( Artinya Rajin-rajinlah! )
3. Be careful! ( Artinya hati-hatilah! )

* Prohibition *

Do not boleh dipendekkan menjadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2.Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3.Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4.Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!
5.Don’t look back! Jangan liat belakang!

REFERENSI : ELISABETH FARTUR,JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2005,LEARNING ENGLISH 1

DIRECT & INDIRECT
PENGETIAN
DIRECT adalah kata” yg langsung keluar dari si pembicara kepada seseorang dalam percakapan biasa , pertanyaan atau perintah : kata-kata atau ucapan tersebut diberi tanda “. . .”
CONTOH :
- David said, “I am very lazy”
- He says, “you are jealous”
- He said, “I want to speak to you”
- Hermon said, “I work here”
- He said “get out”
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order, advise dalam kata verba bentuk past simple, walaupun kalimat-kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara berkala verba present, kala verbanya harus juga past simple.
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order,advise dalam bentuk past simple dan kalimat-kalimat yg di keluarkan si pembicara berkala verba past simple pula, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsung kala verba nya harus dalam bentuk past perfect.
INDIRECT adalah kata-kata yang keluar dari si pembicara dan di ceritakan atau di ucapakan kembali kepada seseorang.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple - past simple
She said, “it’s cold” she said it was cold
Present continous - past continous
She said, “I’m teaching English she said she was teaching English online
Past simple - past perfect
She said, “I taught online yesterday she said she had taught online yesterday
Past continous -past perfect continous
She said, “I wass teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
Contoh :
-David said that he was very lazy
-He says that I am jealous
-He said that he wanted to speak to me
-He aske me not to do it again
-He asked me if I could answer the question
Kalau tidak tedapat kata tanya dalam kalimat tidak langsung seperti : where, what, when, why dll (kata tanya yang dimulai dengan wh- dan h- maka if atau whether harus dipakai dalam arti “apakah” dan di letakan sesudah verba-verba pelapor seperti ask,inquire,dll.

Referensi : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.