DEGREES OF COMPARISON

POSITIVE DEGREE
Qualitative adjaective yang disebut juga degree of comparison ini adalah suatu adjective (kata sifat) yang menrangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda. Degree of comparison digunakan untuk menunjukan derajat/tingkatan perbandingan manakala kita membandingkan seseorang atau suatu benda. Dalam bahasa inggris terdapat tiga tingkat perbandingan, yaitu :
1. Positive degree – tingkat perbandingan sama.
2. Comparatife degree – tingkat perbandingan lebih.
3. Superlative degree – tingkat perbandingan paling.
Positive degree digunakan untuk menunjukan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya, tngkatan atau derajat an lain-lainnya antara satu benda dengan benda lainnya.
Contoh :
As + adjective + as
 The man is as old as my father.
 She is as tall as my sister.
 Their house is as big as ours.
Untuk menunjukan ketidaksamaan antara satu benda dengan benda lainnya kita bisa menambahkan “not” sesudah to be.
 The man is as old as my father.
 The man is not as old as my father.
 The man isn’t so od as my father.
 The house is as big as your.
 The house is not as big as your.


COMPERATIVE DEGREE
Comparative degree di gunakan jika kita ingin menunjukan dangan jelas bahwa terdapat ketidaksamaan antara satu benda dengan benda yang lainnya.
Untuk menunjukan tingkat perbandingan lebih digunakan struktur :
1. ………. + ……… (adjective) + er than ……..
2. ………. More …….. (adjective) than ………

Kata sifat (adjective) berikut ini dari bahasa latin dan bentu comparativenya di sebut latin comparative yang tidak diikuti than tetapi selalu to untuk menunjukan comparative degree nya. Berikut ini adalah beberapa sifat yang berasal dari bahasa latin.
junior senior prior
inferior posterior superior
Salah : there are some managers senior than than me in this office
Benar : there are some managers senior to me in this office.
Salah : I wass told that he was junior than you.
Benar : I was told that he was junior to you.
The comperative compares this / these to that / those form
 Suffix – er – for
 More/ - for more than one syllable word
 Less


SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
Jika kita membandingkan seseorang atau benda yang melebihi orang-orang atau benda-benda lainnya atau dengan kata lain bila suatu benda paling..dari benda-benda lainnya. Untuk menunjukan tingkat perbandingan paling di gunakan struktur :
1. The +…. (adjective)
2. The most + ….. ((adjective)

Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan huruf terakhirnnya dibaca pendek, huruf terakhirnnya dibaca pendek, huruf terakhir digandakan lalu ditambah –er untuk membentuk superlative.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
As hot as hotter Hottest
As fat as fatter fattest
As big as bigger Biggest
As sad as sadder Saddest
As wet as wetter wettest


REFERENSI : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE

Active adalah kalimat yang lebih menekankan pada pelaku dan akibat dari perbuatan pelaku.
dan kalimat passive adalah kalimat yang lebih menekankan pada kejadian atau peristiwa.
Untuk mngubah sebuah kalimat kalimat active ke dalam kalimat pasif, kalimat yang akan di ubah biasanya mempunyai kata kerja transitif (trasitife verb) atau kalau kita ingin menggunakan kalimat pasif, kata kerjanya harus kata kerja transitif.
Contoh :
1. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam past tense.
Subject + had + verb(3) + object
Active :
 Linda had swept the floor when she left the house this morning.
 Lindahad not swept the floor when she left the house this morning.
 Had linda swept the floor when she left the house this morning?
Subject + had + been + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 The floor had been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.
 The floor had not been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.
 Had the floor been swept (by linda) when she left the house this morning.


2. Struktur kalimat dalam past perfect continous tense.
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Active :
 Linda had been sweeping the floor I when I calld her this morning.
 Linda had not been sweeping the floor I when I called her this morning.
 Had linda baen sweeping the floor I when I called herthis morning.
Struktur kalimat aktif dalam past perfect continous tense.
Subject + ha + been + being + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 The floor had been being swept(by linda) when I called her this morning.
 The floor had not been being swept (by linda ) when I called her this morning.
 Had the floor been being swept (by linda) when I called her this morning.


3. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam simple future tense.

Subject + shall/will + be +verb(3) + object
Active :
 My father will shell that old house next month
 My father will not shell that old house next month.
 Will my father sell that old house next month?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam simle future tense.
Subject + shall/will +be + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 That old house will be shold by (my father) next month.
 That old house will not be sold by (my father) next month.
 Will that old house be shold by (my father) next month.


4. Struktur kalmat aktif dalam future continous tense.
Subject + shall/will + be + verb-ing + object
Active :
 My little sister will be doing her homework.
 My little sister will not be doing her homework.
 Will my little sister be doing her homework?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam future continous tense.
Subject + shall/will + be + being + verb(3) + object
Passive :
 Her homework will be being doing (by my little sister).
 Her homework will not be being doing (by my little sister).
 Will her homework be being doing (by my little sister)?


5. Struktur kalimat aktif dalam future perfect tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + verb(3) + object
Active :
 Sandra will have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Sandra will not have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Wild Sandra have told the news by five o’clock this afternoon?
Struktur kalimat pasif dalam future perfect tense.
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-3 + object
Passive :
 The news will have been told (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon.
 The news will not have been told (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon.
 Will the news have been tol (by Sandra) by five o’clock this afternoon?


REFERENSI : ESTI TRI ANDAYANI,SURABAYA-INDONESIA 2007,THE BRIDGE ENGLISH COMPETENCE

COUNTABLE NOUN & UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Countable noun
Countable noun adalah benda yang bisa dihitung. Suatu benda termasuk benda yang bisa di hitung.
Di depannya bisa di gunakan :
 He bought a camera last Sunday
 She has a house in this town
 He has a new friend here
 They have ten typists in the head office
Mempunyai bentuk jamak (plural) :
 I have some English books
 These watches are very expensive
 Those women look very busy
Di depannya bisa menggunakan kata bilangan :
 Our English teacher has two dictionaries
 They have two house inthis town
 Mr. johson has four cars
 His father has two secretaries in the office


Pembentukan kata benda jamak
Kata benda jamak (plural) pada umumnya dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –s pada kata benda tunggal (singular).
Singular Plural Meaning
pencil pencils pensil
car cars mobil
house houses rumah
ruler rulers penggaris

kata benda yang selalu dalam bentuk jamak dan menggunakan kata kerja plural (plural verb). Kata benda berikut ini slalu dalam bentuk plural dan menggunakan kata kerja pural.
a. Pakaian/sesuatu yang dipakai orang
Braces briefs corduroys culottes
Dungarees flannels flares galoshes
galasses knickers leggisngs veralls
trousers trunks

b. Peralatan /sesuatu yang dipergunakan orang
Binoculars clippers compases pincers
Pliers scales scissors shears
Tongs tweezers


Uncountable noun
Uncountable noun adalah benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Jika suatu benda tidak dapat dihitung.
 Tidak bisa menggunakan kata sandang tidak tertntu (indefinite article) di depannya.
Salah : I need a water
Benar : I need some water

Kata di bawah ini termasuk kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun).
Abens access anger beauty
Canser childhold confidence courage
Death depression design education
Equipment evil existence failure
Faith flesh ground happiness
Health ice joy ustice
Music patience pleasure policy
Protection respect sand salt
Snow strength teaching truth
Wealth weather welfare work


SOME – ANY
1. Secara umum some digunakn dalam kalimat positif (positive sentence) dan any digunakan dalam kalimat menyangkal (negative sentence).
 I have some English novels
 I don’t have any English novels
 She has some friends here
 She doesn’t have any friends here
 He has some new books
 There are some letters for him
 There are not any letters for him

2. Dalam kalimat Tanya (interrogative) biasanya di gunakan any. Meskipun demikian, some juga sering digunakan jika kita mengharapkan suatu jawaban yes.
Questions : Do you have some money ?
Answer : Yes, I do.
Question : Do you still have some other questions ?
Answer : Yes, we do
Question : whould you like some more coffe ?
Answer : Oh, yes, please

3. Any digunakan sesudah kata-kata yang memunyai arti negative, seperti: without,never,seldom,hardly,atau rarely.
 I could find his new address without any difficulties
 My little brother never did any homework
 There where hardly any eggs left in the kitchen
 The typist selddom made any mistakes in tying



ALL – WHOLE – EACH – EVERY
1. Kita menggunakan all atau all of jika kita membicarakan jumlah sesuatu atau orang dalam suatu kelompok dalam suatu keseluruhan. All diikuti bentuk jamak (pluralform) benda yang bisa dihitung dan benda yang tidak bisa dihitung.
Salah : all the guest at the party got a present.
Benar : all the guests at the party got a present.
Salah : all my brothers was at the airport to see me off last week.
Benar : all my brothers were at the airport to see me off last week.
Benar : the baby seemed to cry (of) the time last night.

2. All+noun digunakan untuk menunujukan sesuatu secara umum (general) dan all the + noun digunakan untuk menunjukan orang atau benda tertentu.
 All children like ice cream.
(=anak-anak secara umum)
 All the children in this class will get some milk.
(=anak-anak tertentu)
 All advice will be useless.
(=nasihat scara umum)
 All the you gave him was useless.
(=nasihat tertentu)
3. All juga digunakan jika yang dimaksud adalah satu-satunnya atau tidak ada lagi yang lain.
 I’m not hungry. All I want is a cup of cold tea.
 He is really a poor man now. All he has is what he wears.

REFERENSI : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.