ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
CATATAN :
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.

REFERENSI : ESTI TRI ANDAYANI,SURABAYA-INDONESIA 2007,THE BRIDGE ENGLISH COMPETENCE

DIRECT & INDIRECT

PENGETIAN
DIRECT adalah kata” yg langsung keluar dari si pembicara kepada seseorang dalam percakapan biasa , pertanyaan atau perintah : kata-kata atau ucapan tersebut diberi tanda “. . .”
CONTOH :
- David said, “I am very lazy”
- He says, “you are jealous”
- He said, “I want to speak to you”
- Hermon said, “I work here”
- He said “get out”
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order, advise dalam kata verba bentuk past simple, walaupun kalimat-kalimat yang dikeluarkan si pembicara berkala verba present, kala verbanya harus juga past simple.
Bila kata kerja say,ask,order,advise dalam bentuk past simple dan kalimat-kalimat yg di keluarkan si pembicara berkala verba past simple pula, maka dalam kalimat tidak langsung kala verba nya harus dalam bentuk past perfect.
INDIRECT adalah kata-kata yang keluar dari si pembicara dan di ceritakan atau di ucapakan kembali kepada seseorang.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple - past simple
She said, “it’s cold” she said it was cold
Present continous - past continous
She said, “I’m teaching English she said she was teaching English online
Past simple - past perfect
She said, “I taught online yesterday she said she had taught online yesterday
Past continous -past perfect continous
She said, “I wass teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
Contoh :
-David said that he was very lazy
-He says that I am jealous
-He said that he wanted to speak to me
-He aske me not to do it again
-He asked me if I could answer the question
Kalau tidak tedapat kata tanya dalam kalimat tidak langsung seperti : where, what, when, why dll (kata tanya yang dimulai dengan wh- dan h- maka if atau whether harus dipakai dalam arti “apakah” dan di letakan sesudah verba-verba pelapor seperti ask,inquire,dll.

Referensi : HERPINUS SIMANJUNTAK, JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2008, BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM 52 M.

COMMAND AND REQUEST

Pengertian *COMMAND AND REQUEST *
Command and request bisa disebut sebagai kalimat perintah(command) dan permintaan(request).

Ciri-ciri dan contoh COMMAND AND REQUEST *

Kalimat command biasanya diiringi dengan kata-kata suruhan diantaranya :
"Kata-kata" suruhan ditambah dengan "lah" dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru(!)
seperti : "Duduklah!" atau "Pergilah!".

Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata "lah" itu tidak ada. Jadi jika hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti "lah" dalam kalimat tersebut.

1. Come here! ( Artinya marilah ke sini! )
2. Try to speak English! ( Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris! )
3. Study diligently! (Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin! )

Apabila kalimat bukan kata kerja (verb), maka memakai "be" di depan kalimat karena be adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.

1. Be good to her!( Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya! )
2. Be diligent!( Artinya Rajin-rajinlah! )
3. Be careful! ( Artinya hati-hatilah! )

* Prohibition *

Do not boleh dipendekkan menjadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2.Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3.Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4.Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!
5.Don’t look back! Jangan liat belakang!

REFERENSI : ELISABETH FARTUR,JAKARTA-INDONESIA 2005,LEARNING ENGLISH 1